Social and Formal Groups Comparison Essay Example for Free

Social and Formal Groups Comparison Essay I guess that the Cornerstone Hospice focus where I accomplish humanitarian effort considers a conventional association. With respect to a social gathering I attended a congregation social club for mother’s years back. With the social gathering all exercises were essentially the equivalent for all. We did potluck every week and turned who brought what. We did expressions and makes and turned on who’s thought would be utilized and we had more seasoned increasingly experienced mothers as visitor instructors. With respect to the Formal gathering exercises changed from one’s instruction or potentially experience and preparing. No one but medical caretakers could carry out their responsibilities, etc. I worked the workplace doing recording, arranging, or assembling booklets or taking care of requests for the medical attendants. They prepared me to see and invest energy with hospice patients yet everybody practically had their place. Progressive system in the social gathering didn’t exist and in the conventional it went by their situation in the organization. The standards for the social gathering were simply to partake and for the conventional gathering we had pages of data we needed to experience study sign and were tried on. Enrollment Criteria for the social gathering was only that you were a mother or an eager mother. They publicized in the city nearby paper and the congregation paper. Concerning the conventional gathering anybody can chip in anyway a back ground check must be passed, you additionally must be prepared and breeze through all assessments, and have a current Hepatitis antibody. I searched them out since I needed to accomplish humanitarian effort and realized hospice communities took volunteers. Associations with the social gathering were essential while with the proper gathering it was by all accounts a greater amount of specific essential ties. Interchanges in the social gathering were consistently eye to eye and neighborly though in the conventional gathering it shifted from up close and personal to formal and recorded as a hard copy. Focal point of the social gathering was individual arranged and the proper gathering was task situated on the grounds that the assignment of making sure that the patients on hospice were getting the correct sort of care was the main objective and undertaking of us all. Reference: Macionis, John J. (2011). Society: The Basics (eleventh ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Recovered from University of Phoenix Axia, Soc120 †Sociology course site.

Health Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Wellbeing Economics - Essay Example However, the thing is very unique in social insurance division of any economy. In medicinal services part, policymakers are very hesitant to put an incentive on life because of a ton of moral reasons. As of not long ago there has been colossal difference on the technique for estimating life. Throughout the years, analysts have attempted to gauge returns on various heath care intercessions or projects utilizing monetary investigation structure. In most recent couple of decades a few pointers have been produced for making financial assessment of various social insurance intercessions. Among those markers, the two generally significant and broadly utilized pointers are quality balanced life years (QALY) and handicap balanced life years (DALY). These two composite markers are in effect progressively utilized by analysts and policymakers of human services divisions of a large portion of the nations over the world. The paper makes an endeavor to basically assess every one of these composit e pointers which are assisting policymakers in the human services segment with deciding which mediation ought to be made accessible to the patients. The paper will initially talk about the definitions and fundamental ideas of every one of these two pointers alongside their utilizations, at that point it will proceed onward to examining the strategy for estimation for every one of them and analyze favorable circumstances and drawbacks of them, lastly investigate their applications. (Prasad et al. 2009; Morrow and Bryant, 1995; Harron, Burnside and Beauchamp, 1983) QALY †One of the most significant composite markers utilized for evaluating the viability of medicinal services mediations QALY was contrived during the time of 1980s (Hirskyi, 2007) by business analysts, human services scientists and clinicians for directing cost adequacy investigation. QALY offers the policymakers of the medicinal services division a practical system through which they become ready to make an effective portion of alarm social insurance assets. The QALY is really based

Frankfort

Frankfort Frankfort, city (1990 pop. 25,968), state capital and seat of Franklin co., N central Ky., on both sides of the Kentucky River, in the heart of the bluegrass country; inc. 1796. It is the trade and shipping center for an area yielding tobacco, livestock, and limestone. Among its manufacturers are wire, wood, and plastic products; automotive parts; apparel; liquor; asphalt; and thermostats. Thoroughbred horses are also raised there. Daniel Boone reached the site in 1770. The city was organized (1786) by the Virginia legislature and was selected as the state capital in 1792. Many old homes and buildings have been preserved. Of interest are the capitol (1909â€"10), with a giant floral clock in its plaza; the old state house (1827â€"30), which houses the state historical society; Liberty Hall (1796); and the old cemetery with the graves of Rebecca and Daniel Boone . Kentucky State Univ. is there. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University P ress. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Women s Influence On The Enlightenment Movement Essay

Though women made up a significant part of an artist’s workshop crew, there is little documentation or representation of women as the artists or artisans in the writings and illustrations from The Encyclopà ©die, which represents one of France’s greatest contributions and influences on The Enlightenment movement. Though a majority of the illustrative plates of the Encyclopà ©die do not include any people, as the plates are mostly diagrams about anatomy, scientific concepts, machines, instruments and tools, those that do have people at work portray them as almost exclusively men, with women playing subservient roles when they are pictured. Furthermore, in discussing women from a scientific viewpoint, various contributing authors describe women as the lesser half of men, never given the respect of being considered an individual, with her roles as mother, sister, wife culminating in her definition and limitation. Women were prized for their â€Å"beauty, modesty, compla isance, cleverness, fertility, impressive ancestors, and lots of land.† (citation needed) Unable to train officially as an apprentice, women were rarely granted the protections of Guilds, As found in the article â€Å"Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions†, Dena Goodman writes how women of the upper classes embraced and expanded the educational opportunities that were provided to them, providing and employing resources such as those that created the Encyclopà ©die. A new, sociallyShow MoreRelatedThe Intellectual Movement of Enlightment828 Words   |  3 PagesThe intellectual movement of Enlightenment was a very intricate movement that was centralized on the concepts of progression, reasoning, and the scientific method. The Enlightenment thinkers believed they could implement some of these ideas to create a better influence towards societies and people. These ideas changed how humanity viewed the government, politics, and society. A lthough each philosopher had their own individual concept, they all centered on the themes of equality and freedom. ThomasRead MoreWomen and the Enlightenment vs. Patriarchal Society Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the 19th century women suffered a great deal of abhorrence, relegation, discrimination and subjugation. The traditional women roles were limited to the categorical imperatives of society. Women lacked equality and humanistic significance based on these roles as a domesticated women. The types of jobs accessible were being a housewife, procreating children, being payless maids, a secretary, and anything else considered an inferior occupation subjected under the dominated males, particularlyRead MoreThe History of Women ´s Right 1217 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the 19th century women suffered a great deal of abhorrence, relegation, discrimination and subjugation. The traditional woman roles were limited to the categorical imperatives of society. Women lacked equal ity and humanistic significance based on these roles as a domesticated woman. The types of jobs accessible were being a housewife, producing children, being maids, a secretary, and anything else considered an inferior occupation subjected under the dominated males, particularly in the EuropeanRead MoreThe World Progress Without The Progression Of Women s Rights Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pages Women, throughout the history of western civilization, have struggled to fight for their rights as equal citizens. The problem of gender inequality has been prevalent for centuries. The movement for equal opportunity has gained traction in different eras but is still far from complete. Today, we are faced with an America that has made a choice. It has made a choice for division, for stagnancy and for retrogression. Women have been subtly told that their value does not rest in politics, nor in businessRead MoreEssay On The Enlightenment1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a time of great reform in ideas and knowledge. It was such an important part of history, that it took many people and many years to fully bring it into play. This time in life was all about change, such as the education of women, the separation of science and church, and the freedom to learn without government censorship. Someone people were on board with the movement, but others fought against the great ideals of Enlightenment. Although, it is sure that withoutRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Industrial Revolution And The Industrial Revolution1422 Words   |  6 PagesLeading to the period of Enlightenment, scientific advances came about that challenged the churchs beliefs more directly in terms of science. For example, Copernicus and Galileo challenged the belief that Earth was at the center of the universe. With religious pressure having less and less influence and technology and production becoming more of a focal point, women and children began joining th e workforce. Due to figures such as Mary Wollstonecraft, who felt as if women were at a disadvantage andRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Enlightenment And Transcendental Period1637 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 2014 The Roles of Women during the Enlightenment and Transcendental Period: The Tell of Rowson versus Fuller Throughout history the majority of the time when someone is telling women how to behave that someone is a man, but in Susan Rowson and Margret Fullers case they felt the need to tell their fellow females the proper way to behave in their society, rather it was with or against popular belief. Rowson was writing during the Early Republic, Enlightenment Era when women were told to be seenRead MoreNapoleon And The Enlightenment1214 Words   |  3 PagesNapoleon And The Enlightenment The enlightenment was a time of great learning throughout Europe during the eighteenth century. Although the period is significant for scientific and other scholastic advancements, it is most important because it allowed for the opening of great minds--such as that of Napoleon Bonaparte. Shortly after this enlightenment made its way through Europe, revolution and civil war ripped through France between 1879 and 1899. The unrest of the time called for a strong rulerRead MoreFrance - Change over Time Essay (French Revolution)1156 Words   |  5 PagesWorld History class. Vaguely, the essay question was: Describe change and continuity in France from the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s.*Like many other European nations in the 1700 s, France experienced a dramatic shift of sentiments against the monarchy, nobility, and Catholic Church as the people, fired by rousing new Enlightenment ideals, began to question authority and emphasize the need for equality, liberty, and democracy. The social an d political changes in France were best characterized by threeRead MoreImpact Of The Enlightenment On The Enlightenment1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment Perkins, Katherine Per. 3 October 19, 2017 October 23, 2017 This essay discusses the enlightenment which was a time of great philosophical and intellectual ideas that swept Europe off its feet in the 18th century. During this time people doubted the existence of God and what the Church has to say about the laws and such. Older dogmatic suggestions were changed in America at this time as the colonies were no longer constrained by England. The attitudes in the colonies also changed

Essay On Patella - 1763 Words

Tumour-like lesions Tumour-like lesions are non-neoplastic space-occupying mass. Widespread tumor-like lesions were reported in patella, include but not limited to aneurysmal bone cyst, intraosseous gout, osteomyelitis, brown tumor, ganglion, solitary bone cyst, they account for approximately 40% of all the masses arising from the patella {Casadei, 2013 #65}. According to the literature, aneurysmal bone cyst and intraosseous gout are the most frequently tumor-like lesions{Casadei, 2013 #65}. Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign bone lesion of uncertain histogenesis, it is not considered as a true neoplasm{, #183}. It usually affects children, with 80% cases were affected under 20 years old and it accounting for†¦show more content†¦Intraosseous Gout Primary involvement of the patella in gout is rare(Singh et al., 2009). Most of the patients were men from the third decade to the fifth decade of life (MICHAEL P. RECHT, 1994). On X-ray and CT images, the most common appearance of this condition is bilateral lytic lesion with the greatest diameter ranged from I cm to 3 cm in the superolateral patella, peripatellar soft tissue mass with calcification was frequently reported {Recht, 1994 #47} Gouty tophi may demonstrate specific low signal intensity on both T1-and T2-weighted MRI. Specific imaging features combined with clinical history and related laboratory findings may help exclude other patellar conditions such as neoplasms, infections, prepatellar bursitis (MICHAEL P. RECHT, 1994). Miscellaneous conditions Chondromalacia patella(CMP) CMP is a localized chronic and progressive cartilaginous softening, swelling, fibrillation, fissuring, deformation and fragmentation of patellar cartilage which mainly affect the medial and â€Å"odd† facet of the patella(Brody LT, 1998; Kim et al., 2000; Macmull et al., 2012; Y. MORI 1995), and it is one of the most frequent causes of knee pain in young women(Bentley, 1970; Macmull et al., 2012).The most common symptom is unilateral or bilateral idiopathic patellofemoral pain with impaired joint motion quality, while some casesShow MoreRelatedEssay On ACL Injuries1526 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent treatment and rehabilitation for ACL injuries Introduction This essay deals with the current treatments, rehabilitation procedures and onsets following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Within this essay, there will be information including the causes, characteristics, and symptoms of ACL injuries. Throughout the United States, there are estimated to be 200,000 ACL injuries per year with 100,000 of those injuries being treated through ACL reconstruction (Evans, Shaginaw, BartolozzRead MoreAngels in Christianity Essay2576 Words   |  11 Pagesaround the world (Patella 59). 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This will be followed by brief discussion of the role of the growing field of DNA analysis. Next, the evidence of pre-contact tuberculosis in SouthRead MoreThe Injury Of An Anterior Cruciate Ligament Essay2492 Words   |  10 Pagesgone professional. A ruptured ACL can result in large amounts of pain, numerous surgeries and months of strenuous exercise and rehabilitation. It requires an athlete to be dedicated and patient as pushing too hard can result in further injury. This essay will discuss the pathology, the rehabilitation progr ess from six weeks to final stage including the athletes return to play after experiencing an ACL injury. Pathology The ACL is part of a cruciate ligament that lies inside the knee joint and attachesRead MoreNetball And Volleyball Has Been Developed Over Many Years2019 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay will look at how Netball and Volleyball have been developed over many years and how athletes prepare themselves to competitively take part in both of these sports. â€Å"Netball traces its roots back to basketball† which was established by James Naismith in 1891 to fulfill the need for a â€Å"high-spirited† game for men. (International netball, n.d.). Female teachers became captivated by this game and a version for girls was established with rules that were adapted to accommodate for social needsRead MoreComparing The Musculoskeletal System On The Mammals, Fish And Birds1992 Words   |  8 Pagessome species produce heat from muscles contracting and relaxing involuntarily (Dyce, 2010). That being said, many organisms have adapted different methods of surviving and there are changes in their musculoskeletal system to reflect this. In this essay, I will attempt to compare areas of the musculoskeletal system in the mammals, fish and birds. 2. General Anatomy With any organism, long bones are often in the limbs and involved in movement, such as the femur. Short bones are in areas where manyRead MoreEssay on Biography of Sir Joseph Lister2444 Words   |  10 Pageshelped him in his following research of inflammation. Lister was aware that inflammation was the first stage to many postoperative conditions, and although many theories existed, almost all of them were devoid of real facts. In June of 1857, An Essay on the Early Stages of Inflammation, was read and then later published. Lister studied varying effects of irritation on the skin and the resulting inflammation. His conclusion was that the tissues of the affected parts have experienced to a proportionateRead MoreHow Different Features Of The Musculoskeletal System Functioning?2402 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay will talk about how different features of the musculoskeletal system functioning in terms of movement, support and load bearing, the factors which affect tensions in developed muscle and different roles of muscle and their roles in movement. The first part to start with is to understand what musculoskeletal system is and the function of it. The basic function of musculoskeletal system is to support the human body, allow movement, support and protect organs, it also known as the loco-motor

Analysis of the Social Responsibilities in Business Free Essays

Social responsibility is the concept that business is part of the larger society in which it exists and must therefore act in a way that not only advances the firm, but also serves the society. More than ever firms are being challenged to integrate social responsibilities in to their operations. Many firms now believe that social responsibility to be a lot more than granting money to community groups or volunteering their time to organizations – although these are both important ways that firms support the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Social Responsibilities in Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, business leaders recognize that a commitment to corporate social responsibility can provide distinct advantage in attracting and retaining employees, dealing with suppliers and regulators, strengthening customer relationships and providing positive returns for investors. Let us take a look at some of the social responsibility issues and analyze how businesses are showing their social responsibility. Around the world there are lots of environmental concerns that challenge companies to be better global citizens. Leading companies know that taking a strong role in protecting the environment improves the efficiency of operations and saves money, making a positive impact on business partners, customers and investors. Let us see how socially responsible companies are responding to the environmental concerns. Delphi Automotive Systems is dedicated to protecting human health, natural resources and the global environment. For Delphi, a commitment to environmental management is a critical business strategy. Delphi has certified 15 of its global manufacturing sites under ISO 14001, a global standard that recognizes facilities that have systems in place to proactively manage and reduce their environmental impact. The company is working toward earning this certification for all 168 of its manufacturing facilities around the world over the next three years. John Jaffurs, director, Delphi environmental services, states, â€Å"We want to formally integrate our environmental management into the goals of the business. Delphi is using ISO 14001 and other tools as a means of creating a total environmental management system. This will allow us to integrate operational environmental issues directly into future planning. † Delphi’s involvement in reducing the automobile’s environmental impact began more than 30 years ago with the introduction of the first catalytic converters. Delphi works to reduce emissions, increase fuel economy, decrease vehicle mass and enhance the recyclability of its products. Delphi also believes that the reduction or elimination of materials can go far in helping the environment. Delphi’s E-STEER Electric Power Steering reduces the number of seals and totally eliminates the power steering fluid, hoses and pump from the power steering system. In 1995, 75 percent of all cars sold (approximately 27 million) were equipped with traditional power steering and carried an estimated 40 million liters of hydraulic fluid. This new technology can result in a significant reduction in raw materials, which means less material to recycle or dispose after the life of the product. E-STEER also reduces energy demand by up to 80 percent, resulting in improved fuel economy and reduced vehicle emissions. E-STEER received the 1999 PACE (Premier Automotive Suppliers’ Contribution of Excellence) award from Automotive News and Ernst Young LLP, which recognizes automobile suppliers who have excelled in adapting and reinventing their companies and their products to meet the growing demands of their customers — the world’s major automotive manufacturers. E-STEER is just one example of the many innovative product technologies Delphi can offer to provide environmental solutions to its customers. According to the American Lung Association, motor vehicle emissions account for approximately 77 ercent of the carbon monoxide (CO), more than 35. 6 percent of the volatile organic compounds (including hydrocarbons) and around 45 percent of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) in our nation’s air. With this in mind, car manufacturers like GM, Ford and Honda are now producing and marketing cleaner-burning cars powered by electricity, alternate fuels or a combination of the two. Environmentalists like to refer to these as â€Å"green cars† because they represent an environmentally responsible way to travel in style. Politicians, on the other hand, have begun to see the potential for addressing larger issues. Earlier this year, Representative Robert T. Matsui (D-CA) introduced legislation that would give up to $5,000 per year in consumer tax credits to people with green cars. With this in mind, GM came up with its environment friendly â€Å"EV1†, Ford with its â€Å"Ranger† and Honda with its â€Å"Insight†. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the nation’s largest electricity producer, has announced that it will begin test-marketing alternative energy sources as early as next year. As phase one of the TVA’s Green Power Program, the test will utilize wind, solar and landfill gas energy sources to generate roughly three to six megawatts of power. Eight distributors, representing all seven of the Tennessee Valley Public Power Association’s districts, have agreed to participate in the test. If the test is successful, TVA customers could see full-scale implementation by the end of 2003. The Green Power Program is the first of its kind in the Southeast. In related news, the TVA received word June 18 that the Department of Energy (DOE) has approved a proposal from the Virginia Alliance for Solar Electricity (VASE) to provide matching funding for the Green Power Program. The TVA’s marketing plan for Green Power represents the fruits of an alternate energy initiative that began in January 1998. At that time, the TVA solicited and received 22 proposals for adding renewable electricity generators to its energy production facilities. Initial research also revealed that 84 percent of TVA customers favored a green power option. In the fall of 1998, the TVA held seven public forums that further confirmed the need for a Green Power. Participants included several members of the environmental community, utility executives, energy experts, healthcare organizations and representatives from citizens’ groups. After the forums, the TVA formed the â€Å"multi-interest team† that was eventually responsible for the 2000 test-marketing plan. As the association of U. S. shareholder-owned electric utilities, Edison Electric Institute (EEI) works with key stakeholder groups, including regulators, legislators and member companies, to achieve environmental excellence. EEI’s Climate Challenge program is a voluntary effort created in partnership with the Department of Energy in response to concerns about global climate change, says spokesman Jim Owen. To date, more than 600 electric utilities participate in the program, which means they have pledged to sequester or avoid 170 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the year 2000. This is more than four times the original goal established by the government in 1993. While some Climate Challenge efforts are undertaken by individual utilities, there are five industry-wide initiatives in place as well. These include Envirotech Investment Funds, which provide venture capital for emerging renewable technologies; the Utility Forest Carbon Management program, which funds tree planting and forest management projects; the National Earth Comfort Program, which promotes geothermal heat pumps; EV America, which introduces electric vehicles into the marketplace; and International Utility Efficiency Partner-ships, which support joint projects with foreign utilities and governments to provide efficiency of new or existing power systems. According to the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration, electric utilities represent almost 85 percent of the voluntary actions to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gases. In addition, electric utilities have made significant progress in restoring aquatic habitats, protecting endangered species and generating renewable energy, says Owen Bridging the gap between school and work is another critical link that companies are focusing on. The national organization Jobs for the Future (JFF) was founded in 1983 to help prepare tomorrow’s workforce and smooth the transition from school to work. Ford†s Contribution in developing tomorrow’s workforce Ford Foundation, is an initiative that seeks to create a measurable increase in jobs, wealth, services and other community infrastructure through increased corporate involvement in community economic development. JFF works with the initiative’s many partners, whose collective experience and expertise cover community and economic development, national and international business and education to achieve these goals. One of JFF’s major corporate partners is the Ford Motor Company. The two organizations have developed a relationship in which they exchange expertise and experience that allow both to enhance their individual programs. â€Å"In today’s rapidly changing economy, schools alone cannot effectively prepare young people for a successful future,† explains Hilary Pennington, president of Jobs for the Future. â€Å"Academic standards are only part of the equation. Young people need the chance to apply what they’ve learned to new situations, and what happens in the real world is hard to simulate in school. We try to build partnerships between companies and schools to give kids opportunities to expand their learning experience. The Ford program is a splendid example of this type of partnership. † Ford has created several innovative education initiatives that â€Å"are helping us create a pipeline — for employees and suppliers, as well as a consumer base for our products,† says Renee Lerche, director, workforce development, Ford Motor Company. For example, the Ford Academy of Manufacturing Sciences (FAMS) is an academic- and work-based program in public high schools. The program’s goals are to provide students the opportunity to learn science, math, technology and communications skills in real-life settings and encourage them to pursue secondary education. Ford trains high school teachers, who teach the manufacturing-oriented courses to 11th or 12th grade students (participants take two courses through Ford each year). An internship during the summer between 11th and 12th grade provides work experience as well. The program serves as a way not only to attract future employees to Ford, says Lerche, but also as a way to draw customers for its cars and trucks. We don’t have concrete evidence that if you do these things, people buy your products. However, these activities do influence perception of our commitment to the communities in which we do business,† says Lerche. Issues such as environmental protection, education and community support are critical to companies that want to gain the trust and loyalty of their constituents. The companies profiled here understand that corporate social responsibility offers clear business benefits for all stakeholders. How to cite Analysis of the Social Responsibilities in Business, Essay examples Analysis of the Social Responsibilities in Business Free Essays Social responsibility is the concept that business is part of the larger society in which it exists and must therefore act in a way that not only advances the firm, but also serves the society. More than ever firms are being challenged to integrate social responsibilities in to their operations. Many firms now believe that social responsibility to be a lot more than granting money to community groups or volunteering their time to organizations – although these are both important ways that firms support the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the Social Responsibilities in Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today, business leaders recognize that a commitment to corporate social responsibility can provide distinct advantage in attracting and retaining employees, dealing with suppliers and regulators, strengthening customer relationships and providing positive returns for investors. Let us take a look at some of the social responsibility issues and analyze how businesses are showing their social responsibility. Around the world there are lots of environmental concerns that challenge companies to be better global citizens. Leading companies know that taking a strong role in protecting the environment improves the efficiency of operations and saves money, making a positive impact on business partners, customers and investors. Let us see how socially responsible companies are responding to the environmental concerns. Delphi Automotive Systems is dedicated to protecting human health, natural resources and the global environment. For Delphi, a commitment to environmental management is a critical business strategy. Delphi has certified 15 of its global manufacturing sites under ISO 14001, a global standard that recognizes facilities that have systems in place to proactively manage and reduce their environmental impact. The company is working toward earning this certification for all 168 of its manufacturing facilities around the world over the next three years. John Jaffurs, director, Delphi environmental services, states, â€Å"We want to formally integrate our environmental management into the goals of the business. Delphi is using ISO 14001 and other tools as a means of creating a total environmental management system. This will allow us to integrate operational environmental issues directly into future planning.† Delphi’s involvement in reducing the automobile’s environmental impact began more than 30 years ago with the introduction of the first catalytic converters. Delphi works to reduce emissions, increase fuel economy, decrease vehicle mass and enhance the recyclability of its products. Delphi also believes that the reduction or elimination of materials can go far in helping the environment. Delphi’s E-STEER Electric Power Steering reduces the number of seals and totally eliminates the power steering fluid, hoses and pump from the power steering system. In 1995, 75 percent of all cars sold (approximately 27 million) were equipped with traditional power steering and carried an estimated 40 million liters of hydraulic fluid. This new technology can result in a significant reduction in raw materials, which means less material to recycle or dispose after the life of the product. E-STEER also reduces energy demand by up to 80 percent, resulting in improved fuel economy and reduced vehicle emissions. E-STEER received the 1999 PACE (Premier Automotive Suppliers’ Contribution of Excellence) award from Automotive News and Ernst Young LLP, which recognizes automobile suppliers who have excelled in adapting and reinventing their companies and their products to meet the growing demands of their customers — the world’s major automotive manufacturers. E-STEER is just one example of the many innovative product technologies Delphi can offer to provide environmental solutions to its customers. According to the American Lung Association, motor vehicle emissions account for approximately 77 percent of the carbon monoxide (CO), more than 35.6 percent of the volatile organic compounds (including hydrocarbons) and around 45 percent of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) in our nation’s air. With this in mind, car manufacturers like GM, Ford and Honda are now producing and marketing cleaner-burning cars powered by electricity, alternate fuels or a combination of the two. Environmentalists like to refer to these as â€Å"green cars† because they represent an environmentally responsible way to travel in style. Politicians, on the other hand, have begun to see the potential for addressing larger issues. Earlier this year, Representative Robert T. Matsui (D-CA) introduced legislation that would give up to $5,000 per year in consumer tax credits to people with green cars. With this in mind, GM came up with its environment friendly â€Å"EV1†, Ford with its â€Å"Ranger† and Honda with its â€Å"Insight†. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), the nation’s largest electricity producer, has announced that it will begin test-marketing alternative energy sources as early as next year. As phase one of the TVA’s Green Power Program, the test will utilize wind, solar and landfill gas energy sources to generate roughly three to six megawatts of power. Eight distributors, representing all seven of the Tennessee Valley Public Power Association’s districts, have agreed to participate in the test. If the test is successful, TVA customers could see full-scale implementation by the end of 2003. The Green Power Program is the first of its kind in the Southeast. In related news, the TVA received word June 18 that the Department of Energy (DOE) has approved a proposal from the Virginia Alliance for Solar Electricity (VASE) to provide matching funding for the Green Power Program. The TVA’s marketing plan for Green Power represents the fruits of an alternate energy initiative that began in January 1998. At that time, the TVA solicited and received 22 proposals for adding renewable electricity generators to its energy production facilities. Initial research also revealed that 84 percent of TVA customers favored a green power option. In the fall of 1998, the TVA held seven public forums that further confirmed the need for a Green Power. Participants included several members of the environmental community, utility executives, energy experts, healthcare organizations and representatives from citizens’ groups. After the forums, the TVA formed the â€Å"multi-interest team† that was eventually responsible for the 2000 test-marketing plan. As the association of U.S. shareholder-owned electric utilities, Edison Electric Institute (EEI) works with key stakeholder groups, including regulators, legislators and member companies, to achieve environmental excellence. EEI’s Climate Challenge program is a voluntary effort created in partnership with the Department of Energy in response to concerns about global climate change, says spokesman Jim Owen. To date, more than 600 electric utilities participate in the program, which means they have pledged to sequester or avoid 170 million metric tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the year 2000. This is more than four times the original goal established by the government in 1993. While some Climate Challenge efforts are undertaken by individual utilities, there are five industry-wide initiatives in place as well. These include Envirotech Investment Funds, which provide venture capital for emerging renewable technologies; the Utility Forest Carbon Management program, which funds tree planting and forest management projects; the National Earth Comfort Program, which promotes geothermal heat pumps; EV America, which introduces electric vehicles into the marketplace; and International Utility Efficiency Partner-ships, which support joint projects with foreign utilities and governments to provide efficiency of new or existing power systems. According to the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration, electric utilities represent almost 85 percent of the voluntary actions to reduce, avoid or sequester greenhouse gases. In addition, electric utilities have made significant progress in restoring aquatic habitats, protecting endangered species and generating renewable energy, says Owen Bridging the gap between school and work is another critical link that companies are focusing on. The national organization Jobs for the Future (JFF) was founded in 1983 to help prepare tomorrow’s workforce and smooth the transition from school to work. Ford†s Contribution in developing tomorrow’s workforce Ford Foundation, is an initiative that seeks to create a measurable increase in jobs, wealth, services and other community infrastructure through increased corporate involvement in community economic development. JFF works with the initiative’s many partners, whose collective experience and expertise cover community and economic development, national and international business and education to achieve these goals. One of JFF’s major corporate partners is the Ford Motor Company. The two organizations have developed a relationship in which they exchange expertise and experience that allow both to enhance their individual programs. â€Å"In today’s rapidly changing economy, schools alone cannot effectively prepare young people for a successful future,† explains Hilary Pennington, president of Jobs for the Future. â€Å"Academic standards are only part of the equation. Young people need the chance to apply what they’ve learned to new situations, and what happens in the real world is hard to simulate in school. We try to build partnerships between companies and schools to give kids opportunities to expand their learning experience. The Ford program is a splendid example of this type of partnership.† Ford has created several innovative education initiatives that â€Å"are helping us create a pipeline — for employees and suppliers, as well as a consumer base for our products,† says Renee Lerche, director, workforce development, Ford Motor Company. For example, the Ford Academy of Manufacturing Sciences (FAMS) is an academic- and work-based program in public high schools. The program’s goals are to provide students the opportunity to learn science, math, technology and communications skills in real-life settings and encourage them to pursue secondary education. Ford trains high school teachers, who teach the manufacturing-oriented courses to 11th or 12th grade students (participants take two courses through Ford each year). An internship during the summer between 11th and 12th grade provides work experience as well. The program serves as a way not only to attract future employees to Ford, says Lerche, but also as a way to draw customers for its cars and trucks. â€Å"We don’t have concrete evidence that if you do these things, people buy your products. However, these activities do influence perception of our commitment to the communities in which we do business,† says Lerche. Issues such as environmental protection, education and community support are critical to companies that want to gain the trust and loyalty of their constituents. The companies profiled here understand that corporate social responsibility offers clear business benefits for all stakeholders. How to cite Analysis of the Social Responsibilities in Business, Papers

Labour Legislation Law of 20th Century

Question: Describe about the Labour Legislation Law of 20th Century. Answer: Introduction The 20th century is considered as the progressive era and much legislation came into force as membership of union grew to 6% of the labour force, so it was employers, employees and trade union that played significant part (Sefcovic, Condit, 2001). There were many legislation enacted in this century and two of them namely Wagner act of 1935 and Taft Hartley act of 1947 used to answer the below questions. Wagner act of 1935 The Wagner act 1935 is the significant labour law of 20th century related with the labour in the workplace and it is also known as National Labour relation act (NLRA) of 1935 and give new dimension to the employer-employee relation and recognized the role of labour union (Sefcovic, Condit, 2001). It provided the facility of collective bargaining and accepted that labour union is not the violation of the liberty of contract of an employee. Taft Hartley act of 1947 This is another important labour related with the 20th century and it is also known as the labour management relations act (LMRA) of 1947. This act focuses on four restrictions in the activities of trade union and they are curtailing the unfair practices of labour by the trade union. The second restriction is documenting the rights of employees that represent the members of union (Foley, 1947). The third restriction is related with documenting the rights of employers representing the company. The last restriction is related with the empowering the government to call off strikes during the emergency and it is based on the attitudes towards labour post world war II. Major circumstances that led to the passing of the legislation The rise of trade union helped the labour force by working for their rights in the workplace and it resulted in many strikes owing to labour disputes. In this regard government played the role of mediator intervening in the labour disputes and end the strike. During this period most of the existing legislation acted as a weapon for the employer (Cortner, 1980). Thus it was evident that the government favoured the employers and used pressure techniques to crush the strikes of labour under the guidance of trade union. After 1890 it was stated by the court that unions are illegal and enacted antitrust law (Cortner, 1980). This was not favouring the labour and trade union as it promoted the concept of individual bargaining, The fight for collective bargaining and the rights of employees was the major circumstances that led to the passing of the legislation Wagner act of 1935. The Wagner act of 1935 helped in protecting the rights of union and it lead to increased confidence and the organized labour started developing complacent. Many members become part of trade union and increased the political power of the system. This new right to workers lead to an escalation of conflict between classes during the great depression. In addition it resulted in regular strike, protest and boycotting businesses whenever disputes aroused. With a view to curtail the power of the trade union it is necessary have a new law and the circumstances that led to the passing of the legislation called Taft Hartley act of 1947 (Foley, 1947). Employees affected by the legislation In context to the labour there are three parties who get directly affected by the legislation and they are employees, trade union and employers. Employees are an integral part of the Wagner act of 1935 and it provided the employees the right to unionization in the workplace, the right to hold strike in case the dispute is not resolved by the company and negotiate with the company about the work environment and condition, compensation and wages and other benefits related with work (Plotke, 1989). Thus it can be stated that Wagner act of 1935 promoted the employee communication in the workplace that was not given due importance earlier as all the legislation was in favour of the employer. On the other hand Taft Hartley act of 1947 helps in protecting the rights of employees against the union they are part of. For example the closed shops that create any pressure on employees to become a member of union is identified as the violation of the right of the individual with respect to freedo m of association on the employees of the organization. It also promotes the right to work that enables the employees an option of free will and not as a condition of employment (Gold, 2012). This act enable employees to file petition to make the Union invalid or decertify with respect to the any security provision of the collective bargaining contract undertaken presently. Unions affected by the legislation Both Wagner act of 1935 and Taft Hartley act of 1947 had significant affect on the trade union and they are indirectly proportional to each other. The affect of Wagner act of 1935 on the trade union was positive as it gave them recognition and made them legal. Unlike the earlier cases where the court considered the activities of the trade union as the violation of the liberty of contract of the employee, the Wagner act of 1935 supported the activities (Plotke, 1989). It promoted the concept of collective bargaining and unionizing and gave authorization to the trade union to execute strenuous action in this regard. On the other hand the affect of Taft Hartley act of 1947 is aimed at restricting the misuse of power provided by the earlier act. This act restrained the power of the trade union curbing the employees from acting on their assured rights of bargaining as it is illegal. The act also disapproved any kind of discrimination against employees while providing membership. The Taft Hartley act of 1947 made it mandatory the trade union to execute the activity of bargain in good faith and not as wildcat strikes that are outlawed with the employers (Gold, 2012). Finally the act considered featherbedding on the part of the trade union as illegal. Featherbedding is process whereby the trade union promotes the individual performing no work to get paid by the employers. Employers affected by the legislation The employers were affected by the legislation namely Wagner act of 1935 and Taft Hartley act of 1947. The effect of Wagner act of 1935 is not favourable for the employer as the enactment of this legislation made the government go against the employers who received the total support of the government earlier in crushing the strike called by the employees and trade union (Millis, Brown, 1950). In fact it supported the activities of unionization and collective bargaining that impacted the employers negatively. On the other hand the Taft Hartley act of 1947 helped to curtail the rights provided by Wagner act of 1935 to the employees and trade union and promoted the deliverance of anti union communication. This act confirmed the ruling of the Supreme Court whereby expressing opinion against the union by the employer as their constitutional right. This tight to employer is based on the condition that it does not impact the employment as penalty against the activities of union nor providi ng alternative to unionization by providing incentives to employees. It also provide right to employer to petition filing intimating the board to identify if majority of employees are part of the trade union. For example it can be claimed by the employers that plant closing of the company is related with the process of unionization but at same time cannot state that a specific plant will result closure if the trade union is voted. Application of the law in the modern time The application of Wagner act of 1935 also known as National Labour relation (NLRA) act of 1935 was opposed at the time of introduction back then by the employers stating it as radical piece of law and faced by universal opposition by the employers. Some employers stated that the government is going against the commerce clause. However in 1937 in the case of national labour relation v/s Jones Laughlin steel corp it was stated by the Supreme Court that the National Labour relation act of 1935 and application were valid constitutionally (Olverson, J. 1947). Even today the charges of employees with respect to unfair practice against labour and take action against the employer with regard to such charges; the NLRA is major legal framework to deal with the case. On the other hand Taft Hartley act of 1947 also known as the labour management relations act (LMRA) of 1947 was enacted to curb the practice of unfair practices owing to the power provide by the earlier act trade union (Hartley, Taft, 1947). In the modern time labour management relations act (LMRA) more pertinent as the today employer treat the employee as the internal customers of the company and trade union as essential stakeholder and cultivate a positive relation with both the stakeholder. Conclusion It can be concluded that both NLRB and LMRA impacted labour law in the 20th century by introducing unionization, collective bargaining, unfair practice on the part of trade union, listing the rights of the employer and employee (Plotke, 1989). NLRA provided rights to trade to communicate with employer while LMRA provided rights to curtail the unfair strikes. Both the legislation is equally relevant today. References Cortner, R. (1980).The Wagner act cases. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International. Foley, J. (1947). Union Unfair Labor Practices under the Taft-Hartley Act.Virginia Law Review,33(6), 697. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1068990 Gold, S. (2012).The Taft-Hartley Act. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Hartley, F. Taft, R. (1947).Labor-management relations act, 1947. [Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off. Millis, H. Brown, E. (1950).From the Wagner act to Taft-Hartley. [Chicago]: University of Chicago Press. Olverson, J. (1947). Collective Bargaining and the Taft-Hartley Labor Act.Virginia Law Review,33(5), 549. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1068649 Plotke, D. (1989). The Wagner Act, Again: Politics and Labor, 193537.Stud. In Am. Pol. Dev.,3, 104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000602 Sefcovic, E. Condit, C. (2001). Narrative and social change: A case study of the Wagner act of 1935.Communication Studies,52(4), 284-301. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510970109388565 SILVERBERG, L. (1945).The Wagner Act: after ten years. Edited by Louis G. Silverberg. [By various authors.]. Pp. iv. 126. Bureau of National Affairs: Washington.